LATINA/O/XS AND HOUSING POLICIES

BY STUDENT


As a kid, it was pretty easy to bat an eye at the many struggles revolving my household. Leaving them for the older generations to deal with- but that is a given. I am too young to understand poor, I am too young to understand domestic abuse, or reasons behind being potentially taken from my parents. Of course, that changes as time goes by and unfortunately now I have to deal with it all. One in particular that stood out and has become prevalent is, housing. The apartment I grew up in was a small two room apartment in the Lower East Side of Manhattan under NYCHA. This apartment is pretty old. My great-grandmother moved into this apartment in her late 20’s, so around the 1940's. And now that I think about it- a time where many Puerto Ricans migrate into New York City, for better opportunities like work. Rent was not an issue for her because of how low and stabilized it was, which is great. Interestingly enough, according to the NYCHA Project Statistics of September 1949 the scheduled monthly gross rent was “$34.79”[1].

Furthermore, generations of my family have either lived in the same house, or in the vicinity. This apartment in particular, was rent stabilized. Meaning that under the New York State Division of Housing and Community Renewal the rent is being regulated. With that, the landlord is only permitted to raise or change this amount to a certain degree, yearly. So, it has been roughly same my whole life. Which was pretty great. Living in an impoverished neighborhood and enduring the many systematic issues, having at least a stabilized rent helped a ton. As college orientation comes up, threats of eviction are thrown at us much more often. But why- why is it so urgent to evict us, knowing our history in this apartment and no sufficient reason to evict. Mind you, this apartment was falling apart. While we can do what we can to mend it all together from: leaking ceilings, to literally not having a kitchen sink for 3 months; there is only so much we can do. It is also not our job. They have ignored countless tickets, yet feel the need to evict us. I of course was not the only one in the area struggling to get their heat turned on or a wall replastered. A 60-year-old woman told The New York Times of her experiences in her current NYCHA Apartment, she states ““They gave a ticket, ticket, ticket, ticket, ticket,” Santana said, paging through her papers. “Over here too, ticket, ticket, ticket, ticket. They just give you tickets. But they don’t do anything.””[2]. This is a familiar case for many tenants living in these apartments. But again, why urge to evict us? I think it's an issue of gentrification. Not only was my apartment on the eleventh floor, but I also had a view of the East River. That being said, once we were finally evicted in 2019, without hesitation, a new family was living in that apartment, being changed an average of $1200 as opposed to my average $200.

Again, I think the issue lies with not only gentrification, but in general how housing institutions are run. With clearly little to no regulation, and with the intent of receiving money. This is evident in not being able to complete the simplest of tickets and continuously disregarding the health and safety of tenants. This of course is not a Puerto Rican specific issue but span throughout the Black and Brown community. While I am only mentioning the housing status of the Lower East Side, these issues are being dealt with on a daily all throughout the boroughs; in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens. And you would have guessed it, these housing apartments tend to be placed in areas of lower economic status and/or minoritized communities. Why is it so easy for the state to reinvent building, “modernize’ homes, and make way for new improvement and tenants, but simultaneously fail to simply turn the heat on.







Bibliography

Ferré-sadurní, Luis. “New York City's Public Housing Is in Crisis. Will Washington Take

Control?” The New York Times. The New York Times, December 25, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/25/nyregion/nycha-hud-deblasio-carson.html.



NYCHA, “New York City Housing Authority Project Statistics”. NYCHA, September 1949.

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/pdbsept1949.pdf



NYCHA, “Public Housing 2017 Flat Rent Schedule”. NYCHA, 2017.

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/Flat-Rent-Schedule.pdf


Wang, Marian. “The Many Failures of the New York City Housing Authority.” Pacific Standard,

April 7, 2015. https://psmag.com/news/the-many-failures-of-the-new-york-city-housing-authority.



[1] https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/pdbsept1949.pdf


[2] https://psmag.com/news/the-many-failures-of-the-new-york-city-housing-authority

LATINA/O/XS AND HOUSING POLICIES

BY STUDENT

Finding an affordable place to live in New York City is hard enough as it is. It is even harder when you’re a member of the Latinx or Black community and trying to find an affordable place to live. Growing up in Astoria, Queens, I’ve been no stranger to living among individuals that are different from me. Yet, when I go into Manhattan there's a shift in the air, not only because of the soaring skyscrapers and busy streets but because of the abundance of Caucasians who reside in these areas. I will be focusing on the subtle but present segregation that exists in Manhattan when it comes to the Latinx community. According to the 2018 U.S Census, the Latinx community represents 25% of the Manhattan Borough population. However, after taking a look at the New York Times Race Map and the NYCHA 2019 map, I pinpointed that Latinos are only widespread in one specific area, the Lower East Side in which they make up 65% of that area's population. In the LES there is a cluster of twenty-one Public Housing Buildings all which are home to a majority Latinx and African-Americans community. This made me realize that if those low-income buildings were not there than we would be looking at an even smaller number. Even with the housing that is available, it is not always the most desirable or in the best neighborhood. For example, it's not rare to hear of a family of four or five being forced into a one or two bedroom apartment. Some of these old apartments building may have housing violations such as faulty pipes, heating and in some cases lead paint which is an extreme hazard to children. As if that's not bad enough your area also determines where your child will attend school. The areas where Latinx’s are more prominent are low income areas which tend to have underperforming as well as underfunded schools. The Housing Policies we see today are just the start of the dominos effect. Having a home is supposed to supply stability and safety instead of stress and economic disadvantages which lead to family issues. Families have no choice but to live in the least desirable places where they have to send their children to underperforming and under-funded schools. They are not only taking away homes from people but are also robbing the Latinx youth of a brighter future. 

However, this issue has not gone unnoticed as the city has created programs that work like lotteries for new affordable housing called Housing Connect. Thousands of people around the city apply each year, very few are chosen and the waiting process can take YEARS. In the meantime, Latinx’s are being forced into either cramped spaces with extremely high rent rates and tens of thousands are facing eviction or homelessness, even those with jobs. In a research conducted by the Community Service Society, it shows that in 2017 58% of African Americans and 31% of Latinx’s made up the homeless shelter population. Thats 89% combined. Majority are also single mothers. Single mothers are also the ones to face a higher chance of being turned down for a home, even if they meet the requirements, simply because they have children. It is clear that the housing market and city funding is purposely accommodating higher income professionals when it comes to housing. For example, the infrastructure in these new building is better, as is the security and just overall extremely better living conditions. This is a prime example of how the rich get richer and the poor get poorer and push aside. This wouldn't be such a huge issue if the low income communities such as the Latinx and Black community were given proper funding to improve their living conditions. Instead they face rapid rent increases without any actual improvements to their homes. So they’re paying hundreds more for the exact same lousy, not up to date home or building. Landlords are quick to raise the rent but not improve living conditions which leaves families with no choice but to move out. Once they get a family out they do some minor improvements and bump up the price of rent. This is a huge contributor to white flight out of Manhattan and into low income areas causing gentrification. This not only harms people's living conditions but longtime small businesses in the area as their rent is also risen.

Comparably Manhattan is a modern day Levittown. Levittown is a suburb in Long Island who in 1947 was built to “only be occupied by members of the Caucasian race” as stated in clause 25 of their standard lease agreement. It was literally a town built to house and accommodate only white middle-class Americans, very much like the way Manhattan realty is set up today. Of Course there are members of other minority groups living in these skyscrapers but Caucasians make up 60% of those residents. This is a real crisis that many New Yorkers are facing today. This makes families move to disadvantaged areas or just have economic hardships trying to stay afloat. Stability is needed in everyone's life and I feel that a lot of developers and landlords are forgetting that. Without stability people fall apart, parents and children develop stress. I understand that money runs the world and its extremely essential but we also need to remember just because of our skin complexion or family size we should not be denied housing or pushed aside. Many people are still under the false illusion that New York City is this progressive stronghold when in reality it is the number ONE most segregated city in the entire country. Not only when it comes to our school systems but clearly in the areas we’re forced to live in. 

SOURCES: 

1. “Mapping Segregation.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 July 2015, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/08/us/census-race-map.html?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=REGIWALL.

2. “Official NYCHA Map.” NYCHA, NYCHA, 2019, www1.nyc.gov/assets/nycha/downloads/pdf/officialmap-2019.pdf.

3. Veiga, Christina. “How School Choice Differs for Black and White Families in New York City and Other Takeaways from a New Report.” Chalkbeat, Chalkbeat, 2 May 2018, chalkbeat.org/posts/ny/2018/05/02/how-school-choice-differs-for-black-and-white-families-in-new-york-city-and-three-other-takeaways-from-a-new-report/.

4. Lambert, Bruce. “At 50, Levittown Contends With Its Legacy of Bias.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Dec. 1997, www.nytimes.com/1997/12/28/nyregion/at-50-levittown-contends-with-its-legacy-of-bias.html.

"NEW" LATINA/O/X MIGRATION

BY STUDENT

America’s metropolitan areas have been transformed. More than half of all Americans now live in suburbia, urban areas outside of what the U.S. census defines as “central cities”. The generally white suburbs have been altered with the growing suburbanization number of minorities (the Black and Latinx population). Washington D.C. being the 7th largest metropolitan concentration of immigrants in the U.S. has contributed to the ‘transformation’ of suburbs. Washington was not always a concentration for immigrants, however, in the latter decades of the twentieth century, the Washington region grew, in part due to the economic stability offered by the expansion of the federal government, international organizations and universities, all of which attracted both native and foreign-born population. One of the reasons many apart of the Black and Latino population were moving into suburbs were due to job opportunities and lower rent prices.


In areas such as Prince William County, VA the increase in suburbanization by the black and latinx population was in a way a changing point within the County themselves. William County experienced rapid population growth “the county’s total population more than doubled between 1980 and 2006, while its immigrant population swelled to more than 14 times its 1980 size. Between 2000 and 2006, Prince William’s Hispanic population tripled in size, making it one of the nation’s top counties for Latino growth”. Home prices in the Washington region soared from 2000 to 2005; job growth and decentralization made suburbs like Prince William County more affordable than those in the inner core. Thanks to its real estate market, “the median home price in Washington, D.C. is half a million, compared to $374,800 in Prince William County”. Further emphasizing that a huge factor in the migration to the suburbs by the Latinx population was more affordable housing with possible job opportunity.


Due to the increase number of immigrants coming into the U.S. and the start of immigration into the suburbs the United States began a national debate over the role of immigrants in the economy and society. Resulting in a few outcomes, one of those being that Latin American immigrants are increasingly becoming targets of local legislation designed to restrict access to services or make them feel unwelcome. This has become a growing issue for people of color including Latinos within suburban communities. Which brings me to the book, Magical Urbanism by Davis Mike, he gives a few examples of Latin American immigrants being targeted and the rise of the concept “the third border”. In addition to the primary border and the secondary border (INS checkpoints) Davis describes a third border which polices daily intercourse between two citizen communities. So, while the Latino population continues to assimilate into their environment and strive in their community they are being targeted by their neighboring town/city solely on ethnic and class tensions. In a way they are being gated within their community by their surrounding neighbors. You would feel that after the Latinx population has moved into the suburbs they would be more diverse, geographic wise and not be compacted into a barrio. In many cases due to the surrounding areas, the migrating population is shifted into one suburb changing it into a barrio. Not only expressing the fact that this ‘new’ migration did not truly change their style of living and surrounding borders but did help ease certain life expenses.






Singer, Audrey. “Immigrants, Politics, and Local Response in Suburban Washington.” brookings.edu. Brookings, February 2009. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0225_immigration_singer.pdf


Singer, Audrey. “Latin American Immigrants in the Washington, DC Metropolitan Area.” Wilsoncenter.org. The Brookings Instituation, November 1, 2007. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/SingerFINALbackgroundpaper.pdf.

"NEW" LATINA/O/X MIGRATION

LATINA/OS MIGRATING TO UPSTATE NY

BY STUDENT


The Latinx population have migrated all throughout the U.S., mainly to major cities such as New York City. Many Latino’s leave their homelands in search of a better life, where they can have access to jobs for economic security. We saw this when considering the history of Puerto Ricans and Mexicans settling to NYC and Los Angeles. We still see it occurring today with Central Americans migrating to the U.S. to escape poverty and violence in their home countries. Yet things aren’t the same as when Latino’s first started migrating into these cities. Rent has skyrocketed in these cities making it hard to find a place to live. New York City has undergone through huge gentrification, affecting rent prices in every borough. So, where are Latinx migrating to now and why are they choosing these new areas for settlement?


Latinx families are now migrating to the north into more suburban areas. “The region’s 2010 Hispanic population is 35,103 or 77.49 percent more than the 19,777 in 2000,” (Crowe 2011). This is an immense increase, showing us the migration of Latinos to upper NY throughout the years. In Albany county, specifically we see a 64.30% increase from the year 2000 to 2010 (Crowe 2011). As a UAlbany student I wanted to investigate the growth of latinx’s in the Albany area. When I first arrived to Albany, I didn’t think that I would find many Lantix locals. Nor did I think I’d find Mexican restaurants or at least one that serves authentic Mexican food. To my surprise I found Oaxaquena Triqui an authentic Mexican restaurant with owners from Oaxaqua, Mexico. Like them many other Latinx families migrated to Albany for the high demand of workers. They also saw the lack of Latinx based own business and thought it would be a great investment to open their own restaurant. Not only are Latino’s adding to our economy but they are changing politics in regions like these. “Some commentators have pointed out that racial homogeneity may reinforce residents sense of community, leading to higher rates of participation in local organizations and politics,” (Correa 2006, 185).


According to Kendall, “Bose (2006) argues that in New York State, in cities such as Albany and Rochester, managerial and government jobs are currently attracting educated and highly skilled Latinos such as Cubans, Central, and South Americans.” It makes sense that one would migrate to a place where there are higher employment opportunities. Trying to look for work in cities like NYC can be tough due to its high population which creates a lot of competition. Another factor to this migration would also be the living cost affordability. One can rent a 3-bedroom apartment in Downtown Albany for $1,200 while in the city you will be paying the lowest $2,500 depending on the borough and neighborhood. Suburban areas are becoming a better option for many Latinx populations in search for affordable housing and job opportunities.



Work Cited

Correa, Michael J. The New Suburban History: Reshaping the American Dream. University of Chicago Pess, 2006.



Crowe, Kenneth C. “Hispanic Growth Rate Here Outpaces Nation.” Times Union, 25 March 2011,

https://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Hispanic-growth-rate-here-outpaces-nation-1297855.p

Hp. Accessed 17 Nov. 2019.



Kendall, Richard. “Latino Migration within New York State: Motivations and Settlement Experiences.” NYLARNet, Summer 2009. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lina_Rincon3/publication/239574277_Latino_Migration_within_New_York_State_Motivations_and_Settlement_Experiences/links/574db8a508ae8bc5d15bf423.pdf

LATINA/O/XS TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

BY STUDENT


Why are Latinos choosing to live in the suburbs over the city? When studying or talking about the migration of Latinos to the United States we mainly talk about how Latinos have moved to cities and “Latinized” cities. The Latino population in the United States continues to increase exponentially for multiple reasons. The struggle for space, gentrification of U.S cities and the increase in Latino population, power and wealth are key factors in the Latinization of suburbs. In step 2 of the Young Lords 13 point program they state “Our Latin Brothers and Sisters, inside and outside the united states, are oppressed by amerikkkan business. The Chicano people built the Southwest, and we support their right to control their lives and their land”. The Young Lords are emphasizing the want for self autonomy and to not be oppressed by capitalism. They want to be free and build and prosper as a Latino community. In this blog I'll mainly be focusing on the Latinization of suburbs and how and why it has happened.

The United States has been a country with the reputation of new starts, better lives and the “Amrican Dream”; with this kind of reputation it has attracted many Latino immigrants coming to the United States to escape poverty and violence. Throughout the 20th century Latinos were discriminated against and had to fight for their rights and freedom in the United States. The Young Lords and Chicano Park are examples of Latinos making their presence known in the United States. The increase of Latino’s living in the United States slowly leads to Latino’s gaining power and wealth. During the 20th century most Latinos typically lived in ghettos or in poor areas of US cities; but the factors of Latinos being priced out is a huge reason why many Latinos live in suburban areas now. Gentrification is one of the biggest reasons why Latinos are moving out of U.S cities, A study of Latino population shift states that “Latinos are living farther from transport hubs and amenities, where housing is more affordable. Secondly, a large number of Latinos are migrating into new areas where jobs are available and rents are more affordable”. Gentrification is leading to less jobs and more expensive housing in cities which leads to Latinos looking for jobs and affordable housing wherever they can find one, which normally is in the suburbs.

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/08/us/census-race-map.html

The Struggle for space and Gentrification are two huge factors in the latinization of U.S suburb; many Latinos move to suburbs that are in the metropolitan area of a city such as the surrounding areas of Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Chicago and Houston. All of these areas have at least two million Latinos living in its metropolitan area. Some examples of Latinization of suburbs are In Chicago “from 2000 to 2004, the number of Latinos in the suburbs increased by a third, to 862,000”. Many areas surrounding New York City like Union City, Paterson, Spring Valley, and Yonkers have big Latino population. The big influx of Latinos to suburbs has some positives and some negatives; a study from Notre Dame talking about the Latinization of Chicago suburbs states “On one hand, Latino-owned businesses have helped revitalize broken business strips in towns such as Waukegan, Cicero and Melrose Park. And Latino homeowners account for nearly half of a recent surge of 89,000 suburban house sales since 2000, according to the study. On the other hand, communities unprepared for the rapid growth in low-income Latino immigrants may face problems such as overcrowded housing, stretched school resources, insufficient health care and challenges in getting people to jobs”. Gentrification, struggle for space and the increase in Latino wealth and population are the main reasons for the Latinization of U.S suburbs. One question about suburbs that is being brought up is the debate whether suburbs are staying suburban like or becoming more urban because of the increase in minority population. In my opinion, only a select few suburbs will become more city like but they will never reach global city status. The Latinization of U.S suburbs in 2019 is just the beginning of Latinos in suburbs; with gentrification continuing and the Latino population rising exponentially the Latinization of suburbs will continue to grow.





Olivo, Antonio, and Oscar Avila. “Latinos Choosing Suburbs over City.” Notre Dame News, 31 Oct. 2005, https://news.nd.edu/news/latinos-choosing-suburbs-over-city/.

“Mapping Segregation.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 July 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/07/08/us/census-race-map.html.

13 Point Program and Platform of the Young Lords Party, http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/HTML_docs/Resources/Primary/Manifestos/Young_Lords_platform.html.

Ramirez, Amelie. “Research: Latino Rural Migration Led to Housing, Transportation Inequities.” Salud America, 14 May 2019, https://salud-america.org/research-latino-rural-migration-led-to-housing-transportation-inequities/.

LATINA/O/XS TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

THE EFFECTS OF LATINX IMMIGRATION TO MIAMI, FLORIDA

BY STUDENT


Maimi, Florida has a larger Latinx population than any other large city in the United States. The cultural dominance of the city has taken place in many different aspects of life, making changes to ethnic composition, language, and the economy. Early Cuban immigrants in the 1980’s were the beginning of the huge wave of immigration from other Latin-American countries. By 2000, two-thirds of Miami’s population was Hispanic, and more than half of them were Cuban or of Cuban descent. 75.2% of adults in Miami speak a language other than English at home. That is significantly higher than 55.7% in Los Angeles and 47.6% in New York. The high amount of Cuban immigrants also affected the economy of southern Florida.

The “Cuban Takeover” had several economic effects on Miami. Cubans fled to Miami from the regime of Fidel Castro in the 1960s which caused a huge spurt in economic growth for the city. This made Miami an “international economic dynamo” Expansion in international trade and investment was an effect of Cuban immigrants not being able to send money home to their loved ones so that could join them in the U.S. International tourism also became a huge economic factor now that there were so many new people, which made the U.S. a lot more money. With all these new people, came new business ideas as well. "The city was transformed because of so many Cuban entrepreneurs,”

Although Cubans were the beginning of a wave of immigration and economic growth for Miami. Cubans were not the only Latinx group that changed the economic status if Miami. “A key part of this development was the expansion of Miami’s economic ties with Latin America. Brazilians, Argentines, Chileans, Colombians, and Venezuelans flooded into Miami, bringing their money with them. By 1993, some $25.6 billion in international trade, mostly involving Latin America, moved through the city.“ Some say that Cubans and only Cubans built modern Miami when in reality, it was a group effort of all the immigrants flooding in from other countries.


Bibliography

Huntington, Samuel P. “The Hispanic Challenge.” Foreign Policy, 28 Oct. 2009, foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/28/the-hispanic-challenge/.

“Not Just Cubans: Many Latinos Now Call Miami Home.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 11 June 2015, www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/not-just-cubans-many-latinos-now-call-miami-home-n37241.

LATINA/O/XS TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

BY STUDENT

It is clear to see that immigration has influenced the United States in many ways. America is represented as a melting pot because of the vast cultures, traditions and populations we hold from numerous backgrounds. Economic opportunity has made the United States a beneficial alternative for a home in the 18th and 19th century. With this being said, we have always been surrounded by different cultures and their distinct languages. In this blog post I argue that education should teach bilingual practices in the 20th century. 

The Latinx community is continuing to grow in the US as well as their Spanish speaking languages. “The Hispanic Challenge,” written by Samuel Huntington states that, “Dual-language programs, which go one step beyond bilingual education, have become increasingly popular” (2004). This idea that was discussed in his article could potentially have a great impact on our evolving world. I find this to be a great implementation in the education system for personal and general knowledge everyone can learn from. In today’s political climate it is important to respect other cultures; by utilizing dual language programs early on in schools can be a great way of doing that. 

This concept can help students understand diverse cultures by contrasting similarities and differences of their own practices. By learning a second language you are simply diversifying society and yourself. Being able to build relationships and friendships with people from around the world can give you greater insight on their culture and their practices. This would definitely give you more job opportunities. I even feel that today if you are bilingual, employers are more likely to hire you for communication purposes. If we apply these lesson plans in the classroom today, I am curious as to how this would affect future generations. If I had the chance to take a second language at any earlier age, I would surely take that opportunity.

Huntington, Samuel P. "The hispanic challenge." (2004): 30-45.

LATINA/O/XS TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

DOMINICANS BEING PART A BIG PART OF NEW YORK CITY AND AFFECTING TEH CENSUS 

BY STUDENT

What impact the 2000 census had on Latinos/a/x specifically Dominican’s in New York City? My mom immigrated to the United States specifically to New York City in the early 1990s, she used to tell me how she came to the United States for a better life for her family and a better life from the country she has left. Hispanic at the moment make up about 16% of the population in the U.S. At the moment there was a large number of Dominicans who arrived in New York City about 52% at the time and she was part of that number, and as the years go by the numbers keep increasing. In the 2000 census, there was a change as Latinos surpassed Blacks and became second largest ethnic/race groups in New York City. Latinos were the largest in the Bronx which is where I live now, in 2000 Dominicans made up about 14.5% of the Bronx population. 

https://macaulay.cuny.edu/seminars/gardner10-dominican/articles/p/o/p/Population_of_Dominicans_in_NYC_a0c9.html

In the census, if 2000 Latinos were 27.8% of the population and in 2010 29.1% and over the following decade there’s a big chance of Latinos becoming the largest ethnic/race group in the city. Even though this change, most New Yorkers remain oblivious to this demographic watershed. Puerto Rican’s and Dominican’s make up most of the Latino population in New York City. In 2017, Dominicans living abroad sent nearly  $6 billion in remittances to the Dominican Republic via formal channels, according to World Bank data. Remittances almost doubled in the past decade and represented about 8 percent of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016. A reason why many Dominicans came to the United States was to work and earn money for those they left back and for the family they will make. This was the reason why my mom came to the U.S. The reason for this rise in population is due to birth and fertility rates as 74% of all Latinos in the City were citizens because of birth. This high Latino population brings change as most of them to speak Spanish and different cultures of those living in the U.S. according to the Institute for Puerto Rican policy in 1996 Dominicans made a majority in the upper manhattan (Washington Heights and Morningside Heights). As Dominicans have their predominant neighborhood it makes it easier for them to communicate in Spanish and feel at home by implementing themselves into society. As dictator, Rafael Leónidas Trujillo died his anti-migration act was broken and many Dominicans came to the U.S and to this day when we think of a Dominican neighborhood, we think of Washington Heights since many live there and settled in Manhattan when they arrived. New York City is the second City of the Dominican Republic due to the great number of people living there.

 By the Census 2020, Dominicans will become the new largest Latino community in New York City. By 2025, there will be 16 million more Latinos (59 million) than African- Americans (43 million). From then until the mid-century, according to the Bureau of the census. As the Latino/a/x population keeps growing it will lead to a great impact politically and socially. By 2050 Spanish will be the most spoken language in the U.S and second in the world not only that but it is expected for Latinos to have a lot of political power as they did in early 2000 with the Democratic vote excluding Cuban who were predominantly Republican. Soon, Latinos will have more of a voice and representation in politics as the number of Latinos keeps growing.

References

Davis, Mike. Magical Urbanism Latinos Reinvent the U.S. City. Verso, 2001. Print.

Bergad, Laird W. The Latino Population of New York City, 1990—2010. Nov. 2011,       opencuny.org/nlerap4ne/files/2011/11/The-Latino-Population-of-New-York-City-1990-2010.pdf.

Zong, Jie, et al. “Dominican Immigrants in the United States.” Migrationpolicy.org, 3 May      2019, www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dominican-immigrants-united-states.

LATINA/O/XS TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

BY STUDENT

Puerto Rico has been an ownership of the U.S. for over a century, yet it has never been a state. Its kin have been U.S. residents since 1917, yet they have no vote in Congress. From the outset, few Puerto Ricans went to the mainland U.S. by any stretch of the imagination. In spite of the fact that the U.S. attempted to advance Puerto Rico as a breathtaking vacationer goal, in the mid twentieth century the island endured an extreme financial downturn. Neediness was overflowing, and not many of the island's occupants could manage the cost of the long pontoon adventure to the terrain. After the finish of the Second World War, notwithstanding, Puerto Rican relocation detonated. Throughout the following decade, more than 25,000 Puerto Ricans would go to the mainland U.S. every year, topping in 1953, when more than 69,000 came. By 1955, about 700,000 Puerto Ricans had shown up. By the mid-1960s, in excess of a million had. Furthermore, the after war years saw the arrival home of thousands of Puerto Rican war veterans, whose administration in the U.S. military had indicated them the world. Be that as it may, maybe the most huge reason was the unexpected accessibility of moderate air travel. Following quite a while of movement by vessel, the Puerto Rican relocation turned into the primary extraordinary airborne relocation in U.S. history

A large number of individuals in the United States today recognize themselves as Mexican migrants or Mexican Americans. A few Mexicans were at that point living in the Southern and Western districts of the North American landmass hundreds of years before the United States existed. A lot more Mexicans went to the nation during the twentieth century, and Mexican foreigners keep on showing up today. It mirrors the impacts of Spain, Mexico, and indigenous societies, and has been formed by many long stretches of endurance and adjustment in the pot of North American history.
Their history was likewise molded by wars and miseries, by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase, and by moving mentalities toward movement. Movement law has swung to and fro all through the twentieth century, now and again inviting Mexican migrants and at different occasions pummeling the entryway shut on them. Mexican American culture will probably keep on forming U.S. life in language, governmental issues, nourishment, and day by day living and will help characterize the country's personality for another century.

Today, both of these populations have increased tremendously and will keep increasing as we go further into the future. The census 2000 shows that statistically in California, Mexicans have now become Latino majority. Also, in NY, Puerto Ricans have grown to take up quite a large amount of some communities. Their history shows the hardships they have gone through in order to build a foundation for generations to come. In some major cities we will see more of minority-majority changes in the populations.
- Richard Griswold del Castillo, ​The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict​ (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990); and Ernesto Chávez, ​The U.S. War with Mexico: A Brief History with Documents​ (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2008).

• -  Arnoldo De León and Richard Griswold del Castillo, ​North to Aztlán; A History of Mexican Americans in the United States​, 2nd ed. (Wheeling, IN: Harlan Davidson, 2006), 87, table 5.1, and 90, table 5.2; and Brian Gratton and Myron P. Gutmann, "Hispanics in the United States, 1850-1990: Estimates of Population Size and National Origin," ​Historical Methods​ 33, no. 3 (Summer 2000): 137-153.
• -  Patricia Fernández Kelly and Douglas S. Massey, "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration," ​Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science​ 610, no. 1 (Mar. 2007): 98-118; Douglas S. Massey, Jorge Durand, and Nolan J. Malone, ​Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration​ (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002)
• -  Raúl Delgado Wise and Humberto Márquez Covarrubias, "Capitalist Restructuring, Development and Labor Migration: The U.S.-Mexico Case," ​Third World Quarterly​ 29, no. 7 (Oct. 2008): 1359-74
• -  Philip Martin, "There is Nothing More Permanent Than Temporary Foreign Workers," in ​Backgrounder (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, April 2001)
• -  Borden, Jeremy. “Latinos Returning to Pr. William after Immigration Crackdown, but Scars Remain.” The Washington Post. WP Company, June 26, 2012
• -  U.S. Bureau of the Census, ​Census of the Population, 1970,​ Subject Report PC (2)-1E, ​Puerto Ricans in the United States​ (Washington, D.C., 1973)

LATINA/O/X TAKE CENTER STAGE: CENSUS 2000

BY STUDENT

The United States has experienced a significant increase in the Latino population in the past thirty years, evidently shown through the census. The Latino population more than doubled from 1990 to 2000, from a population of 22.4 million to 35.3 million. The population growth is not only observed in big cities, but also smaller ones. Personally speaking, I was raised in a suburban neighborhood in upstate NY in which my family and I were the only people of color. I was in elementary school and I was the only non-white student in my class along with a total of three Latino students in my entire grade. By the time I graduated, the school remained a white majority, however there was an increase in non-white students, many of who were Latino. So when the Latino population increased, where did the migrants settle and more importantly, what implications might this have on the future population? In this blogpost I will discuss the localization of the Latino immigrants in the United States as well as the future of minority populations in the U.S.

As we have learned throughout this course, the Latino population tends to be concentrated in certain areas, not necessarily by choice but due to systemic blockades that prevent them from moving elsewhere. In the study, “The New Metro Minority Map: Regional Shifts in Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks from Census 2010,”  William Frey points out that approximately 50% of the Hispanic population is concentrated in only 10 metro areas (1). The two largest of these metro areas being Los Angeles and New York. An interesting point to note is that Mexican migrants played the largest role, approximately 75%, in the Hispanic population growth. Not only were Latino populations concentrated in specific cities throughout the U.S., but they were concentrated within the cities, as well. According to Laura Limonic in “The Latino Population of New York City, 2007,”  within NYC in 2007, approximately 30% of Latinos were living in the Bronx, about 22% in Brooklyn, 27% in Queens in 2007, 18% in Manhattan and 3% in Staten Island. Unsurprisingly, more than half of the NYC Latino population has remained concentrated in the Bronx and Queens since the first large migration of Latinos to NYC. 

But what does this population growth mean for the future population of the United States? With an increase in diversity and population of minorities in cities, the population of young minorities also increases. Cultural diffusion allows for further growth of Latino and mixed race children. According to the article “U.S. Metros Are Ground Zero for Majority-Minority Populations” by Nate Berg, the majority of babies under one years old are minorities. This information suggests that within the next few decades, the population will shift from a majority caucasian population to a minority-majority population. In addition to the shift of minority-majority populations in cities, populations in smaller cities also see an increase in Latinos. For example, Scranton, Knoxville, and Charleston experienced the largest growth in Hispanic population from 2000-2010 (Frey 8). In summary, the Latino population has demonstrated an upward growth in small and large cities in the United States, and data suggests that current minorities may become the majority in the near future.

Citations

Berg, Nate, and Nate Berg. “U.S. Metros Are Ground Zero for Majority-Minority Populations.”                  CityLab, May 18, 2012. https://www.citylab.com/equity/2012/05/us-metros-are-ground                    -zero-majority-minority-populations/2043/.

Frey, William H. “The New Metro Minority Map: Regional Shifts in Hispanics, Asians, and Blacks            from Census 2010.” Brookings. Brookings, July 28, 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/                      research/the-new-metro-minority-map-regional-shifts-in-hispanics-asians-and-blacks              -from-census-2010/.

Limonic, Laura. “The Latino Population of New York City, 2007.” CUNY Academic Works,                       December 2008. https://academicworks.cuny.edu/clacls_pubs/48/.

“The Hispanic Population 2000 - Census,” May 2001. https://www.census.gov/prod/                                 2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf.